Water resources engineering-1

UNIT-II: Abstractions from Precipitation: Initial abstractions. Evaporation: factors affecting, measurement, reduction, Evapotranspiration: factors affecting, measurement, control, Infiltration: factors affecting, Infiltration capacity curve, measurement, infiltration indices.

UNIT-III Runoff: Catchment characteristics, Factors affecting runoff, components, computation- empirical formulae, tables and curves, stream gauging, rating curve, flow mass curve and flow duration curve. Hydrograph analysis: Components of hydrograph, separation of base flow, effective rainfall hyetograph and direct runoff hydrograph, unit hydrograph, assumptions, derivation of unit hydrograph, unit hydrographs of different durations, principle of superposition and  hydrograph methods, limitations and applications of unit hydrograph, synthetic unit hydrograph.

UNIT-IV Floods: Causes and effects, frequency analysis- Gumbel’s and Log-Pearson type III distribution methods, Standard Project Flood (SPF) and Probable Maximum Flood (MPF), flood control methods and management. Flood Routing: Hydrologic routing, channel and reservoir routing-Muskingum and Puls methods of routing.

UNIT-V Groundwater: Occurrence, types of aquifers, aquifer parameters, porosity, specific yield, permeability, transmissivity and storage coefficient, types of wells, Darcy’s law, Dupuit’s equation- steady radial flow to wells in confined and unconfined aquifers, yield of a open well-recuperation test.

UNIT VI Advanced Topics in Hydrology: Rainfall-runoff Modelling, instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) - conceptual models - Clark and Nash models, general hydrological models- Chow - Kulandaiswamy model.